Misteri & Mitos : Candi Sukuh Di Jawa Tengah

Friday, December 30, 2011

Candi Sukuh terletak di lereng Gunung Lawu di Desa Berjo Kabupaten Karanganyar, Jateng, terdapat sebuah candi yang memiliki struktur bangunan yang unik karena bentuknya mirip bangunan piramid bangsa Maya. Menurut promosi Dinas Pariwisata Karanganyar, candi yang dibangun masyarakat Hindu Tantrayana tahun 1437 itu selain merupakan candi berusia

Di kompleks candi ini terdapat patung-patung makhluk bersayap. Makhluk ini disebut sebagai garuda karena salah satu patung yang masih utuh menunjukkan kepala seperti burung garuda. Hanya saja, patung-patung ini memiliki tangan dan kaki seperti manusia dan sayap seperti malaikat. Apakah patung ini menggambarkan makhluk ET?paling muda di Bumi Nusantara juga candi paling erotis

Candi ini sangat sederhana dan berisikan sejumlah relief dengan berbagai bentuk. Di antaranya bentuk kelamin laki-laki dan wanita yang dibuat hampir bersentuhan. Pada deretan relief-relief yang menghiasi dinding candi juga digambarkan relief tubuh bidadari dengan posisi “pasrah” serta relief rahim wanita dalam ukuran cukup besar.

Selain itu sekitar candi juga dipenuhi relief-relief yang satu sama lain tidak berhubungan sehingga menimbulkan banyak cerita. Kisah-kisah tentang relief itu bisa beragam tergantung persepsi orang-orang sesuai dengan sudut pandangnya. Ada legenda Dewi Uma yang dikutuk suaminya Batara Guru karena berbuat serong dengan seorang penggembala. Ada juga ceritera wanita yang kalah judi lalu dibebaskan di candi ini sehingga bisa masuk sawarga (surga). Legenda warga setempat menyebut candi ini merupakan tempat bertemu dengan roh yang sudah meninggal.

Candi Sukuh terletak di lereng Gunung Lawu pada ketinggian 910 meter di atas permukaan laut. Hawanya sejuk dan dalam musim hujan ini kabut tebal selalu menyelimuti kawasan candi yang alamnya indah itu. Setiap bulan antara 200-250 turis asing datang ke candi dengan berbagai maksud. Selain ingin melihat candi itu juga banyak yang melakukan meditasi sebab candi ini merupakan tempat ruwatan warga kawasan lereng Gunung Lawu.

Halaman Candi Sukuh sendiri terdiri dari 3 teras.

Memperhatikan susunan teras di Candi Sukuh banyak orang yang mencoba untuk menghubung-hubungkan dengan seni Mesir ataupun seni Meksiko. Karena untuk memasuki teras pertama kita harus melewati gapura, yang kalau kita perhatikan dari bawah gapura ini mirip pylon (gapura untuk memasuki piramida) dari Mesir.

Di sebelah kiri dan kanan pada gapura itu terdapat relief yang menunjukkan dengan jelas bahwa yang dimaksud adalah tahun tertentu.Kita lihat di sebelah kiri ada gambar seorang manusia yang ditelan oleh raksasa. Pada gapura terbaca candra sengkala “gapuro bhuto aban wong” .

Di atas sebuah pohon ada beberapa ekor burung, sedang di bawah ada seekor anjing yang memperhatikan peristiwa mengerikan. Perlu diketahui bahwa sastra jawa memberi angka-angka tertentu pada bangunan ataupun relief-relief pada barang yang terdapat pada setiap gapura Gapura berarti 9. Raksasa berarti 5, menelan berarti 3 dan manusia 1. Kemudian susunan angka itu di baca dari belakang dan terdapatlah tahun Jawa 1357 atau tahun Masehi 1437.

Sedangkan relief di sebelah kanan menunjukkan tahun yang sama dengan candra sengkala yang berbunyi “gapuro bhuto nahut bu(n)tut” yang berarti angka tahun 1359 caka. Relief ini berupa gambar raksasa sedang lari menggigit ular. Di atasnya terdapat mahluk yang sedang melayang-layang dan seekor binatang melata.

Dilantai kita melihat adanya relief Lingga (alat kelamin wanita) berhadapan dengan lawan jenisnya Yoni (alat kelamin laki-laki), mungkin suatu gambaran yang ada hubungannya dengan kenyataan bahwa Candi Sukuh dengan relief alat kelamin itu bertalian upacara-upacara kesuburan.

Yang pasti ini BUKAN suatu LELUCON KASAR, melainkan berdasarkan kepercayaan mistik tentunya. Konon, menurut cerita, UNTUK MENGETES KEPERAWANAN seorang gadis atau kesetiaanya. Jika gadis tersebut berbuat serong, saat melewati relief tersebut AKAN sobek atau terlepas kainnya dan menitikkan darah (kalau pas Mens, gimana ya? Jangan mau di test deh). Kalau perilakunya tidak tercela akan selamatlah ia melewati relief Yoni dan Lingga tersebut.

Dan jika laki-laki yang berbuat serong, dengan melewati relief itu akan ketahuan, dengan bukti si lelaki akan terkencing-kencing seketika. Nah lho, kalo mau nglewati jangan minum air banyak-banyak dulu deh. Sedang yang sudah punya istri/suami bila melangkahii relief ini pastinya pengin lagi he he he……pengin apa ya? Buktikan sendiri rasa keinginannya nanti

Source : www.yahoo.com

Sejarah : Benarkah Taman Gantung Babylonia Pernah Ada?

Tuesday, December 20, 2011

Babylon, ibukota dari babylonia, imperium kuno Mesopotamia merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di dekat sungai Euphrates yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Irak selatan.

Berdasarkan sejarah, dinasti pertama dari Babylon didirikan oleh Hammurabi pada masa Neo-Babylonian setelah kehancuran imperium Assyrian. Babylon menjadi salah satu kota terpenting pada zaman Timur Tengah kuno ketika Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) menjadikannya ibukota kerajaan Babylonia.

Literature bangsa babylonia dibangun dengan sangat bagus dan rekaman cuneiform yang berhasil ditemukan menunjukkan agama, sejarah dan ilmu pengetahuan sangat berkembang.

Obat-obatan, kimia, alchemy, botany, matematika dan astronomi juga dipraktekkan. Agama dan tulisan kuno yang berbentuk cuneiform ini berasal dari kebudayaan Sumer yang lebih tua. Mereka juga mengembangkan bentuk abstrak dari tulisan berdasarkan symbol cuneiform (berbentuk baji). Tulisan ini ditulis di tanah lempung yang basah dan dibakar dibawah terik matahari.

“Dongeng tentang penciptaan” bangsa babylonia ditulis dalam tujuh lembaran tanah liat dan ditampilkan serta dibacakan pada festival tahun baru di Babylon. Lembaran-lembaran ini mengisahkan tentang kesuksesan Tuhan Kota Babylon, Marduk dan bagaimana Marduk bisa menjadi tuhan tertinggi, raja semua tuhan yang ada di surga dan bumi.

Bangsa Babylonia mempunyai system angka yang lebih maju dari yang kita miliki sekarang, dengan system posisi dengan dasarnya 60. Mereka juga membuat tabel untuk membantu dalam proses perhitungan. Mereka membagi hari sama seperti yang sekarang kita lakukan, 24 jam dengan 60 menit untuk setiap jam dan setiap menit 60 detik.

Adat kebiasaan bangsa Babylonia ini ikut mempengaruhi bangsa Assyria dan turut memberikan kontribusi terhadap sejarah Timur Tengah dan Eropa Barat dikemudian hari.

Babylonia mengalami kemerosotan dan jatuh kedalam anarki sekitar 1180 BC, tetapi kemudian tumbuh berkembang kembali sebagai Negara bagian dari imperium Assyria setelah abad ke 9 BC.

Babylon akhirnya dihancurkan pada 689 BC oleh bangsa Assyria dibawah kepemimpinan SennaCherib, tetapi kembali dibangun lagi. Nabopolassar mendirikan apa yang sekarang dikenal sebagai Chaldean atau Imperium baru Babylonia pada 625 BC, dan akhirnya mencapai masa keemasannya dibawah pemerintahan anaknya Nebuchadnezzar (604-562 BC).

Kejayaan serta kemegahan Babylon menjadi terkenal dan melegenda sejak naik tahtanya Nebuchadnezzar, yang dipercayai sebagai pendiri Taman Bergantung Babylonia.

Disebutkan bahwa taman itu dibangun oleh Nebuchadnezzar untuk menghibur istrinya atau selirnya yang sangat gemar berada didaerah yang dikelilingi oleh pegunungan. Semenjak itulah taman bergantung, satu dari tujuh keajaiban dunia diperkirakan ada.

















Dalam literature Babylonia, tidak ditemukan adanya rekaman sejarah tentang taman bergantung, dan laporan yang sangat deskriptif berasal dari ahli sejarah bangsa Yunani. Dalam lembaran tanah liat yang berasal dari periode Nebuchadnezzar, deskripsi tentang istananya, kota Babylon dan dindingnya ditemukan, tetapi tidak ada satupun referensi yang ditemukan tentang taman bergantung.

Sebagian ahli sejarah percaya bahwa legenda taman bergantung hanyalah cerita campuran tentang taman dan pohon palm di Mesopotamia, istana Nebuchadnezzar, the tower of Babel, dan ziggurats yang diceritakan oleh tentara Alexander ketika mereka kembali ke kampung halamannya.


















Tower of Babel
















Ziggurats


Pada abad ini, beberapa struktur yang diperkirakan adalah bagian dari taman bergantung ditemukan. Archeologists sedang mengumpulkan bukti untuk mencapai kesimpulan tentang lokasi taman, system irrigasinya, dan wujud aslinya.

Sumber dari bangsa Yunani menyebutkan bahwa taman bergantung berbentuk quadrangular, setiap sisi panjangnya 4 plethora, terdiri dari arched vaults di pondasinya. Taman ini mempunyai tumbuhan yang ditanam diatas permukaan tanah, dan akar dari tanaman ini melekat di teras bagian atas, bukan didalam bumi. Seluruh massanya didukung oleh colom batuan. Air dipompa ke atas dan dibiarkan mengalir menuruni lereng, mengairi tumbuh-tumbuhan.

Penggalian archeology terbaru berhasil menemukan pondasi dari istana Nebuchadnezzar. Penemuan lainnya yang mendukung adanya taman bergantung termasuk kolong bangunan dengan dinding yang tebal dan irrigasi yang dekat dengan istana selatan.

Sekelompok archeologist melakukan survey di istana selatan dan merekonstruksi kolong bangunan sebagai taman bergantung. Ahli sejarah Yunani, Strabo, mengatakan bahwa taman bergantung terletak di sungai Euphrates.

Yang lainnya berpendapat bahwa lokasinya sangat jauh dari sungai Euphrates berdasarkan penemuan dari kolong bangunan yang terletak beberapa ratus yard dari sungai.

Tempat beradanya istana telah direkonstruksi dan diperkirakan taman bergantung terletak didaerah yang merentang dari sungai ke istana. Dinding yang massif, tebal 25 kaki baru-baru ini ditemukan di pinggir sungai, yang kemungkinan merupakan langkah untuk membentuk teras yang dideskripsikan dalam referensi yunani.

Sampai saat ini, legenda Taman Bergantung masih belum bisa dipastikan kebenarannya dan masih belum bisa dikatakan juga itu hanya dongeng belaka. Archeologist masih sedang berusaha mencari bukti peninggalan zaman Nebuchadnezzar.

Pada tahun 538 BC, pemimpin terakhir Babylonia menyerah kepada Cyrus Agung dari Persia. Dan ini adalah pertanda berakhirnya dinasti Chaldean dan Babylonia.

Hammurabi

Hammurabbi adalah raja Babylonia yang memerintah sejak 1792-1750 BCE. Permulaan lahirnya Babylonia dianggap dimulai sejak pemerintahan Hammurabi, walaupun sebenarnya dia adalah raja ke 6 dari dinastinya.

Hammurabi dikenal dengan kitab undang-undangnya yang kemungkinan bukan hasil ciptaan dia, tetapi kelanjutan dari system resmi yang telah ada sebelumnya.

Walaupun Hammurabi berhasil memenangkan banyak peperangan semasa periode akhir pemerintahannya, dia tetap bukan seorang state builder yang hebat. Dia tidak mendirikan fungsional birokrasi dan memilih untuk mengikuti pendekatan total dalam pemerintahannya.

Hammurabi sangat aktif dalam membangun dan memperbaiki tempat ibadah, dinding kota dan gedung publik, membangun kanal untuk irigasi dan juga berperang. Hal utama yang menjadi perhatian Hammurabi semasa pemerintahannya adalah untuk menjamin penguasaan penuh bangsa Babylonia atas sungai Euphrates, sumber kehidupan negaranya.

Selama 25 tahun pemerintahannya, bangsa Babylonia merupakan korban dari desakan dan gangguan dari kota dan Negara tetangganya. Saingan utamanya adalah Larsa, Mari, Ashur dan Eshnunna, Negara yang pada saat suatu saat nanti akan menjadi temannya.

Mungkin Hammurrabi adalah penguasa yang paling terkenal di masa awal munculnya peradaban Mesopotamia, tetapi salah jika menganggap dia adalah yang paling berperan dan yang paling penting.

Nebuchadnezzar

Merupakan raja Babylonia yang memerintah sejak 605 BC – 561 BCE dan merupakan raja kedua dari Dynasti Chaldean. Nebuchadnezzar adalah salah satu dari raja terhebat yang pernah memerintah di Timur Tengah, tetapi di dunia barat hanya dikenal sebagai penakluk jerussalem dan memulangkan kembali raja Judah, Jehoiakim dan pengikutnya ke Babylonia.

Keberhasilan utamanya adalah berhasil membangun kembali Babylonia setelah kehancurannya, membangun taman Bergantung (yang kemungkinan tidak pernah ada dan merupakan dongeng belaka), membangun kembali temple Marduk dan Ziggurat .

Untuk mendukung pertahanan kota Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar juga berhasil membangun Dinding Median. Dinding ini dibuat untuk mencegah aksi penyerangan dari bangsa Medes di Utara, bangsa yang tumbuh menjadi sangat kuat semasa pemerintahannya.

Ayahnya adalah Nabopolassar, yang merupakan pendiri dari dinasti Chaldean. Nebuchadnezzar mengklain bahwa dirinya adalah keturunan dari raja Akkadian, Naram-sin. Dia juga memploklamirkan bahwa ia telah dijamin kekuasaannya oleh Dewa Marduk.

source : www.yahoo.com

History of the Berlin Wall

Sunday, May 16, 2010

The Berlin Wall is a wall that separates the border of West Berlin and East Berlin and other East German regions, making an enclave of West Berlin.

Wall Construction

This wall was established on August 13, 1961 by East German communist government under the leadership of Walter Ulbricht as West Berlin was a 'hole' in their country. Between the years 1949 to 1961 was more than two million people fled East Germany through Berlin. This makes the East German economy to be oversized, because most people who are young who fled. So secretly and suddenly the wall was built.

Berlin Wall and Cold War

Who locked the Berlin Wall and West Berlin was cut exactly in the center city, a symbol of the Cold War's most famous. Many magnifying the west, especially the United States president to visit this wall to condemn it. President JF Kennedy in 1963 to come and make a speech on the side of this wall with the famous sentence: "Ich bin ein Berliner." Then 20 years later, in 1983 President Ronald Reagan also addressed here and condemn the Soviet Union which he called An Evil Empire, or an evil empire. But in 1989, on the anniversary of the German Democratic Republic, or East Germany, the Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev also visited the Berlin Wall and said the East German leader Erich Honecker that "Whoever comes late will be punished by life".

Escape through the Berlin Wall

At first this wall only in the form of barbed wires only, but gradually built stone walls equipped with towers supervisors and automatic weapons bersensor. However, this did not prevent hundreds of people fled from East Germany into the Western World through the wall until the opening of the Berlin Wall on November 9, 1989.

source : www.wikipedia.org

Taxi ride Towards the First World War

Wednesday, February 24, 2010

When the First World War in the summer of 1914, French General Joseph Simon Gallieni summoned out of retirement to serve again in the Ministry of War in Paris. Gallieni, who was sixty-five years, is the creator of a method to combat the revolts in the colonial lands of France. Metodanya - clean up one area of enemy troops and adding troops to maintain and expand the areas already cleaned it - remains a practical way around the world between the commanders of the army of occupation.

In August 1914, soon after Galllieni called back, the Germans invaded France through Belgium and march south towards Paris. Most of the French troops, together with British troops who fought in France, beaten back by the German attack. With the majority of Allied troops retreated, it seems Paris will soon be captured by German troops.

The French government raised General Gallieni as military governor of France on August 26, 1914. He was ordered to defend Paris against the German troops and hold them as long as possible, but that was under his command consists only of the troops already stationed in the city of Paris alone. Gallieni sure that the troops are so weak, he will not be able to stand against the German troops.

He sent telegrams to the Marshal Joseph Joffre, the supreme commander of the French army, requested reinforcements from the army who retreated before the German attack. But Joffre, who at that time was seventy-five miles north of Paris, near the town of Amiens, planning to retreat to an area forty miles south of Paris. He thought it necessary to sacrifice to save the land of Paris France, and he was reluctant to send troops into Paris.

On August 30, 1914 when the French government asked how long she can resist the German attack, Gallieni said: "Paris just could not hold back, and you should be prepared to leave Paris as soon as possible." After calling Joffre, Gallieni wrote in his diary: "I got the impression that he thought Paris was sacrificed and did not want his troops surrendered

Petunjuk Pertama Darwin

Tuesday, January 5, 2010

Perjalanan Charles Darwin muda di atas HMS (His Majesty’s Ship, kapal milik Kerajaan Inggris) Beagle selama 1831-1836 adalah salah satu yang paling dikenal dan paling dimitoskan dalam sejarah ilmu pengetahuan. Sebagaimana kisah yang ada, Darwin berlayar sebagai naturalis di HMS Beagle, mengunjungi Kepulauan Galápagos di Samudra Pasifik bagian timur, dan di sana melihat kura-kura raksasa dan burung pipit (finch). Banyak spesies pipit dapat dibedakan berdasarkan bentuk paruhnya yang menandakan adaptasi terhadap jenis makanan tertentu. Di tiap-tiap pulau, kura-kura memiliki cangkang yang berbeda bentuknya.


Petunjuk-petunjuk dari Galápagos ini memandu Darwin (apakah segera? Atau lama setelahnya? dalam hal ini cerita mitos tersebut menjadi kurang jelas) menyimpulkan bahwa keanekaragaman hayati di Bumi muncul melalui proses penurunan makhluk hidup yang disertai modifikasi—evolusi, demikian istilahnya sekarang—dan seleksi alam adalah mekanismenya. Darwin menulis buku yang berjudul The Origin of Species dan meyakinkan semua orang, kecuali para pemimpin Gereja Anglikan, bahwa demikianlah adanya.

Penjelasan tersebut tidak sepenuhnya benarah. Cerita bak kartun tentang pengarungan Beagle serta akibatnya itu memang ada benarnya, tetapi kisah itu juga mencampuraduk, memelintir, dan menghilangkan banyak hal. Misalnya, keragaman burung pipit di Galápagos tidaklah sejelas seperti keragaman burung mockingbird atau tenca (Mimus thenca), paling tidak pada awalnya dan Darwin baru mampu memahami perihal burung-burung pipit itu setelah dibantu oleh seorang pakar burung di Inggris.

Persinggahan di Galápagos merupakan anomali singkat menjelang akhir ekspedisi yang tujuan utamanya menyigi garis pantai Amerika Selatan. Darwin ikut di Beagle bukanlah sebagai naturalis resmi; dia adalah lulusan Cambridge berusia 22 tahun yang sedang mengawali karier dengan setengah hati sebagai pendeta desa. Darwin diundang mengikuti pengarungan tersebut sebagai teman makan malam sang kapten, Robert Fitzroy, seorang bangsawan muda yang temperamental. Dengan berjalannya waktu, Darwin memang seolah mengambil peran sebagai naturalis dan menganggap dirinya sebagai seorang naturalis. Namun, teorinya berkembang secara lambat, diam-diam, dan The Origin of Species (judul lengkapnya On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life) baru diterbitkan pada 1859. Selama puluhan tahun setelahnya, banyak ilmuwan, di samping sejumlah pendeta era Victoria, menentang bukti dan argumen evolusi tersebut. Memang, realitas evolusi diterima luas pada masa hidup Darwin, tetapi teorinya Darwin sendiri—dengan seleksi alam sebagai sebab utama—baru diakui sekitar 1940, setelah sukses berpadu dengan genetika.

Selain penjelasan di atas, hal paling menarik yang hilang dari dongeng penyederhanaan itu adalah: petunjuk pertama yang sesungguhnya bagi Darwin ke arah evolusi tidaklah berasal dari Galápagos, tetapi dari tiga tahun sebelumnya di sebuah pantai yang bergelora di pesisir utara Argentina. Petunjuk itu tidak berupa bentuk paruh burung, bahkan bukan makhluk hidup. Petunjuk tersebut adalah sekumpulan fosil. Lupakan saja dulu tentang pipit Darwin. Untuk mendapatkan sudut pandang yang baru tentang pengarungan Beagle, mulailah dari armadillo dan sloth raksasa Darwin.

selengkapnya

Designer Coat of Republic of Indonesia's Forgotten

Sunday, December 13, 2009

ALONG Indonesian people, who do not know the bird Garuda berkalung shield which summarizes the five precepts (Pancasila). But the Indonesia where are the know, who was the state emblem maker first? He is Sultan Hamid II, who was born with the name, Sultan's eldest son; Alkadrie Sultan Muhammad Sharif. Born in Pontianak on July 12, 1913.




























Sharif Abdul Hamid Alkadrie


Blood flow in the body of Indonesia, the Arab-though never taken care of mothers British custody. His wife of a Dutch woman who later gave birth to two children, both now in the Netherlands.







Sharif Abdul Hamid Alkadrie ELS was educated in Sukabumi, Pontianak, Yogyakarta, and Bandung. HBS in Bandung a year, THS Bandung is not finished, and KMA in Breda, the Netherlands until graduation and reached the rank of lieutenant in the Dutch army unit.

When the Japanese defeated the Dutch and their allies, on March 10, 1942, he captured and released when the Japanese surrendered to the Allies and promoted to colonel.

When his father died due to Japanese aggression, on October 29, 1945 he was appointed to succeed his father Sultan by Sultan Hamid II.

In the struggle for federalism, Sultan Hamid II obtained important positions as representatives of the Special Region of West Kalimantan (DIKB) based on RIS 1949 constitution and always participated in the negotiations Malino, Denpasar, BFO, BFC, IJC and the Round Table Conference in Indonesia and the Netherlands.

Sultan Hamid II subsequently obtained the position Ajudant in Buitenfgewone HN Koningin bij Dienst der Nederlanden, which is a highest rank as an assistant to the queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands and Indonesia's first obtain the highest rank in the military.

On 21-22 December 1949, a few days after was appointed Minister of State Zonder Porto Folio, Westerling who had committed treason in the country offers "over commando" to him, but she refused firmly.

Because the idea is the kingpin APRA Westerling. Next he went to The Netherlands, and on January 2, 1950, back from the Big State that he was disappointed over sending military troops to Kalbar - because did not include men from the KNIL.

At almost the same time, there was a stir; Westerling invaded Bandung on January 23, 1950. Sultan Hamid II do not agree with men's actions, Westerling had in anger. When Republic
Indonesia States was formed, he was appointed Minister of State Zonder Porto Folio and during the country's portfolio assigned to the President Soekarno planning, designing and formulating the picture symbols of the state.

From the transcript of the recording dialogue Sultan Hamid II with Masagung (1974) as the surrender document file state emblem design process, mentioned "the idea of Pancasila shield" appears when Sultan Hamid II was design a state symbol.

He remembered the words of President Sukarno, the country should sign reflect the views of the nation, the basic state of Indonesia, where the principles of the basic state, the Pancasila visualized in symbol of the state.

Dated January 10, 1950 Technical Committee formed by the name badge Committee under the State Minister of State coordinator Zonder Porto Folio Sultan Hamid II, organized a technical committee chairman M Yamin, Ki Hajar Dewantoro, MA Pellaupessy, Moh Natsir, and RM Ng Purbatjaraka as a member. This committee selects the proposed duty State emblem designs to choose from and submitted to the government.

Hatta description refers in the book "Bung Hatta Answer" for implement the Cabinet decision the Minister Priyono implement competition. Elected two best state emblem design,
the work of Sultan Hamid II and the work of M Yamin.

In the next process of the government and the parliament accepted the draft RIS Sultan Hamid II. M Yamin works include rejected because the sun rays and revealing the influence of Japan. After the design was chosen, an intensive dialogue between the designer (Sultan Hamid II), President of the United States of Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta Prime Minister, continued to be improvements to the design for it.

Three of them deal happens, replace the grip tape Garuda, which originally was a red ribbon and white to white ribbon to add the slogan "Bhineka Tunggal Ika".

Dated February 8, 1950, the final draft of the state emblem made Minister of State RIS, Sultan Hamid II, submitted to President Sukarno. Final design is a symbol of the input of Masyumi Party to consider, because of objections to the garuda bird drawings by hand and shoulders holding human shields and are considered to be mythological.

Sultan Hamid II re-submit the draft state symbol pictures has been enhanced by the growing aspirations, so Eagle-created form of Garuda Pancasila. Abbreviated Garuda Pancasila.

President Sukarno and then submit the draft to the Cabinet RIS through Moh Hatta as prime minister. AG Pringgodigdo in his book "Around the Pancasila" Defense Ministry publication, History Center ABRI mentioned, the design work of the state emblem Sultan Hamid II finally inaugurated its usage in the Cabinet of RIS. When it Eagle head shape image of Garuda Pancasila was "bare" and "No tuft" like shape today. This is the work of nationalism country children are mixed from various aspirations and then designed by a young nation, Sultan Hamid II, Minister of State RIS.

President Sukarno later introduced for the first time the symbol country to a general audience at the Hotel Des Indes Jakarta on 15 February 1950. Completion of the country's symbol back to continue pursued. Eagle bird's head of Garuda Pancasila "bald" became "tuft" done. Form a gripping claw foot ribbon from the original facing back to facing forward, too repaired, the input of President Sukarno. Dated March 20, 1950, final form of the symbol image has improved a
disposition of President Sukarno, who then ordered the painter the palace, Abdullah, to draw back the draft according to the form final draft of the State Minister Sultan Hamid II of RIS used
officially until now.

For the last time, Sultan Hamid II completed improvements the final form of the state symbol pictures, namely by increasing the size scale and full color images in which the state emblem authentic paintings submitted to H Masagung, Foundation Idayu Jakarta on July 18, 1974
This final draft of a formal attachment PP No. 66 Tahun 1951 based on Article 6 Article 2 Jo PP No. 66 Tahun 1951. While State Coat of existing disposition President Sukarno and photo images
state symbols submitted to President Sukarno in early February 1950 still held by the Sultan of Pontianak Tema. Sultan Hamid II died on March 30, 1978 in Jakarta and was buried in the cemetery Family Batulayang Sultanate of Pontianak.

Turiman SH, M. Hum, Lecturer Faculty of Law, University Tanjungpura Pontianak which raised the legal history of Indonesia as a state symbol thesis for the Master of Laws degree at the University of Indonesia, explained that the results of these studies could prove that Sultan Hamid II is the designer of the state emblem.

"One year is exhausting to collect all the data. From the year 1998-1999, "he admitted. Foundation Idayu Jakarta, Jakarta Masagung Foundation, the National Archives Agency, Armed Forces History Center and do not miss Family Kadariah Palace Pontianak, are the places most often to gather materials disinggahinya writing a thesis entitled The Legal History of the State Coat of RI (A Juridical Analysis of Normative About Ordering the State Coat of legislation).

In front of the board of examiners, Prof Dr M Dimyati Hartono, SH, and Prof. Dr. H. Azhary SH him successfully defended his thesis was on Wednesday, August 11, 1999. "Legally, I can attest. Starting from initial sketches to final sketches.

Garuda Pancasila was designed Sultan Hamid II, "she said sure. Hopefully people Kal-Bar and the Indonesian people to the President SBY to fight for the nation's children, for the recognition of history, as he promised when he visited the bar before Kal-community leaders, local government and provincial legislators Kal-Bar .**

Sultan Hamid II Creator Bird Garuda

Sharif Abdul Hamid Alkadrie the title Sultan Hamid II and Alkadrie Sultan to 8 Pontianak, West Kalimantan is the creator of bird Garuda. Sultan Hamid was also the first Indonesian to rank highest in the world military.

Pontianak: Name Alkadrie Sharif Abdul Hamid was not known at Country. In fact, national figures from Pontianak, West Kalimantan state symbol is the creator of Indonesia, Garuda bird.

In addition to the state emblem creator, the title of Sultan Sharif Hamid Alkadrie II and the Sultan to this 8 Pontianak Indonesia also is the first in the world's highest-ranking military, which is the major generals.

Sultan Hamid make assignments based on the state emblem President Sukarno in 1950. At that time he served as minister without porto folio.

His companion, Muhammad Yamin was also a symbol designs countries, however, Sukarno finally chose the design of Sultan Hamid. After enhanced, the image of Garuda bird as a symbol of Sukarno inaugurated state on February 10, 1950.

A copy of the Garuda bird sketches stored in Kadriah Palace, Pontianak shows the symbol-making process is very complex state to be changed many times.

7 Signs The Evolution

1. If the form of Homo Sapiens (human) was only 100,000 years, Why did the last 10,000 years there is no evolution or changes in humans?

2. Adolph Seilacher scientists from Yale University paleontologist examining fossils of organisms from Namibia and China, fossils come from the same species, with exactly the same tracks, However the difference in age has a 500 million years. This means that species did not evolve for 500 million years. The experts could hardly believe it because it breaks the theory of evolution, how can a species have not changed for 500 million years. They argued they were still examining the re-age rocks, will analyze the error showed age.

3. Researchers at Oregon State University release the findings in Science Daily, if not maybe a bird is an evolution of the dinosaurs according to the theory of evolution so far. They find the facts about the structure of the lung, leg joints, muscular legs, and pelvis, between theropod dinosaurs and birds, and found the conflict between the two working principles. So that they can not be the result of the evolution of birds from dinosaurs.

4. Discovered two fossils hand very similar to each other, and also with our hands today. One is a complete human handprints 110 million years old (even with nails), which is found in the limestone rocks in Glen Rose, Texas - USA. The second is a petrified fossil of fingers 100 million-year-old from Axel Heiberg Island in Canada. This means that in 100 million years more, we are still the same / not evolve. The fossils found in the contact between us and apes, it seems a distinct species, rather than metamorphic origin of Homo sapiens today.

5. If humans came from monkeys? Instinct and reason why the monkey is very much different from humans, monkeys keep my level of other animals. Dolphins and elephants, even though the dog still has a better intellectual than most species of monkeys. Why are there no species of monkeys that closely resembles the human, or that fail to form Homo Erectus? Currently the human species is too far away from the others or even barely comparable level, in the socialization of the community, intellectuals, and even that only relijiusme humans? Why we have no transitional forms of species that can be called a monkey but can also be called human?

6. Theory of Evolution is a majority trust the scientists. And the scientists who began to doubt the theory of evolution will be ostracized, so any discoveries made would doubt the theory of evolution will be hidden by the expert, so he is not excluded and continue to obtain research funding. This was stated by Jerry Bergman, in his book "Slaughter of the Dissidents, The Shocking Truth about Killing the Careers of Darwin Doubters". Jerry himself received a Doctorate in nine disciplines such as biology, genetics, chemistry, biochemistry, anthropology, geology and microbiology. Dr Jerry who has been a lecturer for 35 years told his colleagues that the fate of the excluded and persecuted by their discovery that makes the theory of evolution is questionable.

7. There is still much debated and can not be explained by the scientists themselves supporters of evolutionary theory, things like the missing link, do not find transitional forms of mediation, the weakness of scientific selection theory that must be covered by a synthetic theory and the theory of neutral mutations the same repetitive dna and the gap shape morphology, and so it was .... create doubts about evolution among scientists develop more even.

History of Money-Paper

Thursday, November 26, 2009

Ancient times, when gold and silver into a medium of exchange-traded goods and gauge the value of goods and services, many Jews who become sellers of gold storage services are better known by the term Goldsmith (gold is gold, and the smith is a Semitic or Jewish). This is because in most European Jews were prohibited from owning land which they could not become farmers and make the profession as a Goldsmith as an alternative to the prospective job. Although seen as less respectable jobs, rich people who have a lot more like storing gold in Goldsmith gold because it gives security guarantees. They just enough to reward a certain amount of gold for storage services provided Goldsmith. For each gold saved, Goldsmith took out a piece of paper (certificate) contains information about the ownership of a certain amount of gold in Goldsmith. Every time when the gold owners like to take a mistress, he lived to show the certificate.
Over time, increasing levels of public confidence in the Goldsmith and also due to the illiquid nature of the certificate (easily exchanged for gold at any time), people began to accept the certificate as a means of exchange of goods and services. At this time the certificate is a paper currency and the money
The first paper in the world. Over time, more gold is stored in brankasnya, Goldsmith saw that most of the gold is just sitting in the vaults for a long time, because of liquidity needs are fulfilled with paper money. He started thinking: what if some of the gold than it lent to people in need (the debtor) to be returned after a certain period in exchange rates? Goldsmith later became a loan shark to lend me some gold to the debtor's customers in need. After the specified time the debtor borrowed gold and Goldsmith returned to profit in the form of flowers. The more frequent and more and more Goldsmith lending, the greater the benefits he gets. Next Goldsmith got another idea. Why should provide a loan of gold? Is not that the issuance of paper money has been accepted as a medium of exchange and the sale and purchase? So then to
every loan that he gave, he just took out enough paper money. And after a certain period, the debtor's debts in the form of gold returns to the Goldsmith plus interest. At this time Goldsmith saw a real miracle. Only with a sheet of paper, he got a lump of gold. As Goldsmith had actually fraud. People think gold is completely guaranteed Goldsmith's own, when in fact it's the customer who left the gold. In addition he was also doing fraud blackmail by charging interest on loans he gave. Learning from success to deceive customers (who do not know who deposited gold used as security for loans) and the debtor at the same time, then Goldsmith got the idea again. What if made a few bills for some of the debtor as well? So the paper made some money as well as for some debtors. And after a certain period of the debtor to return the gold hutangnyaberupa plus interest. Wonders of the more amazing. With the capital a few sheets of paper, he received a large amount of gold. So he took out paper money as much as possible to get
benefit as much as possible. Its advantages .. ... only limited by the ability to print paper money. No business in the history of mankind is more profitable than businesses that lived Goldsmith.
Over time more and more people become debtors. They are willing to queue to sit on the bench to get a loan from Goldsmith .. Bench (banque) seat of the debtor's potential then becomes the beginning of the term bank. In a time not too long, the Goldsmith became the richest people in the world.
The nobles and the king's greedy need of funds to finance the army, and spending the profits. They also can not avoid to fall prey to the Goldsmith who later changed the term to be the banker (the owner of the bench). Once borrowed, worth millions of times a loan received by individuals, and so did the profits obtained banker. The bankers were greedy nature denggan pleased the kings and nobles who likes to fight for power. The more greedy they are, the more the war she lived and that means more loans could be the banker. In many cases, when the peace occurs, bankers became the political provocateur to trigger a war. They financed Oliver Cromwell to revolt against King Charles in England. They finance the Orange William King of England took the throne of Charles II. They engineer the French Revolution, Napoleon's adventures finance, provoke and finance the parties involved in the Civil War
America, designed the Crimean War, World War I, World War II, the Cold War, Vietnam, Gulf, and the wars of others. After the war, the leaders and people as well as the countries involved in the war became the bankers cash cow for the debts of their responsibilities.
Furthermore, after obtaining the material benefits matchless, bankers also have a huge political advantage. They can easily lift one becomes the ruler as easy as they dropped from kukuasaan. And the greater their political power, the greater the economic benefit them. Politics and money, the two sides of same coin, it has been owned by the banker. In the early 20th century after the discovery of petroleum, the bankers saw another big business opportunity. If human life can be made dependent on oil, so their profits will be even greater, though compared to the benefits provided by the financial business is still losing a lot. So they pay Henry Ford (an expert on the internal combustion engine fuel oil) to produce oil-fueled cars in bulk so that its production cost is smaller and can be sold at relatively cheap prices. On the other hand they persuade Thomas Alva Edison to stop his ambition to produce energy car batteries (as it would threaten their new businesses) to offer to be the boss of General Electric company. As for oil production business, they rely on Rockefeller. Companies of mass transportation companies with an electric energy transportation modes such as trams they buy for their mode replace it into the bus-oil-fueled buses. If there are companies that fight, they deployed mafia, lawyers or government officials who are bribed. Do not forget the murder kharakter through the mass media will be experienced by the opponents of the banker. When Stanley Meyer, an American scientist discovered a means of altering water hydrogen fuel is cheap and portable, he was arrested, tried and finally killed. Similar to what has been done to Ezra Pound, great literary opponent of the capitalist domination of the international bankers. After the judge has no reason for thinking Ezra, Ezra thrown into a psychiatric clinic (big letters, which some students won Nobel Prize for Literature is considered crazy?) Until his death in custody. The same thing happened to Joko, the inventor of blue energy from Indonesia. Considered dangerous to the interests of the capitalist rulers oil business, he was kidnapped, murdered kharakternya through mass media and now must face trial.
And this is a little picture of the business benefits of capitalist bankers in the oil industry. Current world oil consumption of about 100 million barrels a day. Oil production costs an average of say $ 20-per-barrel, although smaller. If the world oil price, say $ 50 a barrel, the oil producers gain $ 30-per-barrel. Means that benefits of global oil production per day is $ 30 x 100 million = $ 3 billion or more by Rp30 trillion dollar exchange rate now. Within a year the benefits are Rp30 trillion x 365 = 000 .. Rp11 trillion. Say 50% of the total profit that fell into the hands of the company, the world's oil company owned by the bankers, the bankers profits from oil production is Rp5.500 trillion a year. Applicable banking system today is the same system with the banking system Goldsmith, with the quality and quantity are much larger. For example banks now do not even need to issue paper money or certificate to make loans. Suffice it to an alias entry in the computer with the thin air of credit is given. And then, the debtor must pay with blood and sweat of the funds provided banker.Jika failed to pay, his property confiscated by the bankers as experienced by millions of debtors sub-prime mortgage in America lately. The international bankers today are descendants of the ancient Goldsmith. Most banks in the world, including Indonesia, are owned by international bankers. At one point the banker was tired of the piles of paper money that had accumulated in their warehouses after the world gold supply is sucked dry to save some of their safe little communities used as an ornament. They want payment riel: property, land, gold, company assets and so on. So they stopped the supply of paper money and interest that have been circulating. Term policy of tight money. The world is experiencing a financial crisis that spread to all sectors of the economy. Companies went bankrupt, the debtor, the debtor can not pay its debts, shares of the company, the company collapsed. When this is the bankers that his plan: buy up the company, the bankrupt company, the company shares the crash, and confiscate property that the debtor failed to pay. So in a short time there transfer massive wealth from society to cash bankers. And after the destruction that they, by hiding behind a cloak of the IMF and World Bank, came to offer "assistance" is actually a dual interest credit is throttled and only made people increasingly fall into the clutches of their power. This is what happens in the phenomenon of the Great Depression of the 1930s, the Monetary Crisis in 1997 and the Global Financial Crisis at the moment. But only a few people who noticed.